Combined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in U.S. women

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Objective: To evaluate the impact of combinations of lifestyle factors on mortality in middle aged women. Design Prospective: cohort study. Setting: Nurses’ health study, United States. Participants: 77,782 women aged thirty-four to fifty-nine years and free from cardiovascular disease and cancer in 1980. Main outcome measure: Relative risk of mortality during twenty-four years of follow-up in relation to five lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking, being overweight, taking little moderate to vigorous physical activity, no light to moderate alcohol intake, and low diet quality score). Results: 8882 deaths were documented, including 1790 from cardiovascular disease and 4527 from cancer. Each lifestyle factor independently and significantly predicted mortality. Relative risks for five compared with zero lifestyle risk factors were 3.26 (95% confidence interval 2.45 to 4.34) for cancer mortality, 8.17 (4.96 to 13.47) for cardiovascular mortality, and 4.31 (3.51 to 5.31) for all cause mortality. A total of 28% (25% to 31%) of deaths during follow-up could be attributed to smoking and 55% (47% to 62%) to the combination of smoking, being overweight, lack of physical activity, and a low diet quality. Additionally considering alcohol intake did not substantially change this estimate. Conclusions: These results indicate that adherence to lifestyle guidelines is associated with markedly lower mortality in middle-aged women. Both efforts to eradicate cigarette smoking and those to stimulate regular physical activity and a healthy diet should be intensified.

Keywords: diet alcohol cigarettes smoking risk factors cancer cardiovascular disease exercise weight women's health women mortality lifestyle