Articles with the keyword: 
Adult Brain Neurons Can Remodel Connections
piggy submitted, created time 3 days 22 hours (www.sciencedaily.com)
Overturning a century of prevailing thought, scientists are finding that neurons in the adult brain can remodel their connections. In work reported in the Nov. 24 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Elly Nedivi, associate professor of neurobiology at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, and colleagues found that a type of neuron implicated in autism spectrum disorders remodels itself in a strip of brain tissue only as thick as four sheets of tissue paper at the upper border of cortical layer 2 
Neurodegenerative disease: Giving survival a boost
sea-maid submitted, created time 1 week 6 days (www.nature.com)
Although it is the selective death of motor neurons that ultimately causes the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the disease also renders other spinal cord cells, including astrocytes, dysfunctional. Maragakis and colleagues have now shown that the replacement of damaged astrocytes through precursor cell transplantation might be a useful therapeutic strategy for ALS.
The authors transplanted glial restricted precursors (GRPs) into the grey matter of the spinal cord in a transgenic rat model of ALS
Newborn Neurons in Adult Brain Can Settle in the Wrong Neighborhood
piggy submitted, created time 1 week 6 days (www.sciencedaily.com)
In a study that could have significant consequences for neural tissue transplantation strategies, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies report that inactivating a specific gene in adult neural stem cells makes nerve cells emerging from those precursors form connections in the wrong part of the adult brain.
Researchers, led by Fred H. Gage, Ph.D
Human cortical neural cell balls
sea-maid submitted, created time 2 weeks 2 days (www.nature.com)
Embryonic stem cells can be readily coaxed into becoming neural progenitors, but neurons from the cerebral cortex have proved extremely difficult to make in vitro, presumably because forming these neurons requires input from other cells in a developing brain. Earlier this year, a group led by Pierre Vanderhaeghen of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Brussels, Belgium showed how to make these cells in a flat monolayer culture
Light Triggers New Code for Brain Cells
piggy submitted, created time 2 weeks 3 days (www.sciencedaily.com)
Brain cells can adopt a new chemical code in response to cues from the outside world, scientists working with tadpoles at the University of California, San Diego report in the journal Nature.
The discovery opens the possibility that brain chemistry could be selectively altered by stimulating specific circuits to remedy low levels of neural chemicals that underlie some human ailments.
Dark tadpoles don pale camouflage when exposed to bright light
Coaxing Injured Nerves to Regrow
piggy submitted, created time 3 weeks 4 days (sciencenow.sciencemag.org)
The adult central nervous system has only a limited ability to repair itself. That's why spinal cord injuries leave people permanently paralyzed. Now a study with mice finds that removing a particular signaling molecule in adult neurons restores their ability to regenerate damaged axons, the long extensions that convey signals from one neuron to another. The find potentially paves the way for repairing spinal cords and other nervous system injuries
Beyond Recognizing Odors, Single Neuron Controls Reactions in Worms
piggy submitted, created time 4 weeks 22 hours (www.sciencedaily.com)
ScienceDaily (Nov. 2, 2008) — Babies will smile when they catch the scent of vanilla, but a whiff of rotting meat will send them into fits. From people to mice and flies to worms, animals of all kinds are born with likes and dislikes thanks to the evolutionary wisdom collected in their genes. But new research shows that some preferences are still surprisingly flexible at even the most basic level — that of the sensory neuron itself — and that our nervous system may be even more adaptable than we thought
Molecular Motor Tied to Memory
sea-maid submitted, created time 1 month 1 day (sciencenow.sciencemag.org)
How does the brain record a memory? Somehow our experiences and interactions can be imprinted in the mind, but exactly how neurons alter their connections to enable memory has been murky. Now a team of researchers out of Duke University say they have identified the molecular machinery that links experience with learning--and it all comes down to one microscopic motor.
sea-maid submitted, created time 5 months 3 weeks (www.jcb.org)
This study tells us that NGF is a trophic factor that it literally "nourishes" the cell. When their supply of nerve growth factor is taken away, neurons lose the will to live.
Actin-Branching Protein Localization in Spines
kavin submitted, created time 5 months 4 weeks (www.jneurosci.org)
By averaging data from many spines, the authors found that ARPC-2, a part of the Arp2/3 protein complex, is concentrated in a ring at a fixed distance from the plasma membrane, about halfway between the spine neck and the postsynaptic density.
sea-maid submitted, created time 6 months 2 weeks (www.cell.com)
With regards to the survival of motor neurons (SMN), certain proteins are essential for the biogenesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the major components of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery.
This article suggests that SMN deficiency causes tissue-specific perturbations in the repertoire of snRNAs and widespread defects in splicing.
Sensory Signaling-Dependent Remodeling of Olfactory Cilia Architecture in C. elegans
jerry submitted, created time 6 months 2 weeks (www.developmentalcell.com)
This article reveals an unexpected level of interplay between signaling activity and structural organization in primary cilia in C. elegans olfactory neurons.
And it suggests that compensatory mechanisms in response to altered levels of sensory activity modulate AWB cilia architecture, revealing remarkable plasticity in the regulation of cilia structure.
What to Do, or How to Do It? M1 Neurons Control It.
jerry submitted, created time 6 months 3 weeks (www.neuron.org)
This article presents a computational model of the activity of neurons in primary motor cortices (M1) during isometric movements in different postures.
By modeling the output of M1 neurons in terms of their influence on muscles, they find each M1 neuron maps its output into a particular pattern of muscle actions.
Study proves that intelligence can be a detriment to survival in some species
Darkfrog submitted, created time 6 months 3 weeks (www.nytimes.com)
Okay, it's been fairly obvious for some time that humans' large and shapely brains involve some kind of evolutionary tradeoff. What is it, a third or a fourth of our blood flow that goes directly to the brain? I don't know. Well, this study shows that intelligence does not always increase an organism's odds for survival. Fruit flies bred to learn faster and surer were consistently larva-slapped by their troglodytic brethren.
Prions are usefull for disease
sea-maid submitted, created time 7 months 3 days (www.jcb.org)
The results of recent investigatoins suggest that normal prions might exert their protective effect on neurons by switching off a particular subset of NMDA receptors that contain a subunit called NR2D. The work also suggests a mechanism for the brain damage caused by prion diseases. Malformed prions coax normal molecules to misfold. As the amount of normal protein falls, neurons lose their protectors and become more vulnerable to death by overstimulation.
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